道德經

Tao Te Ching 41 · 41

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上士聞道,勤而行之;中士聞道,若存若亡;下士聞道,大笑之。不笑不足以為道。故建言有之:明道若昧,進道若退,夷道若類。上德若谷,大白若辱,廣德若不足。建德若偷,質真若渝。大方無隅,大器晚成,大音希聲,大象無形。道隱無名,夫唯道善貸且成。

The best student hears of the Way, and works hard to practice it. The middling student hears of the Way, and sometimes keeps it, sometimes loses it. The worst student hears of the Way and laughs loudly at it. If it were not laughed at, it would not deserve to be called the Way. So the set sayings have it: the bright Way looks dim; the Way forward looks like going back; the level Way looks ordinary. The highest virtue looks like a valley. The purest white looks soiled. The broadest virtue looks like it is not enough. Established virtue looks as if it could be stolen. Plain truth looks faded. The greatest square has no corners. The greatest vessel is finished late. The greatest note is rarely sounded. The greatest image has no shape. The Way is hidden and has no name. Now, only the Way is good at lending, and at bringing to completion.

Word by word

上shàngThe best士shìstudent聞wénhears of道dàothe Way,and勤qínworks hard而érto行xíngpractice之zhīit;中zhōngThe middling士shìstudent聞wénhears of道dàothe Way,and若ruòsometimes存cúnkeeps it若ruòsometimes亡wángloses it;下xiàThe worst士shìstudent聞wénhears of道dàothe Way,大dàloudlyand笑xiàolaughs之zhīat it。If it were不bùnot笑xiàolaughed atit would不bùnot足zúdeserve以yǐto為wéibe called道dàothe Way。故gùSo建jiànthe set言yánsayings有yǒuhave之zhīit:明míngthe bright道dàoWay若ruòlooks昧mèidim,進jìnforward道dàothe Way若ruòlooks like退tuìgoing back,夷yíthe level道dàoWay若ruòlooks類lèiordinary。上shàngThe highest德dévirtue若ruòlooks like谷gǔa valley,大dàThe purest白báiwhite若ruòlooks辱rǔsoiled,廣guǎngThe broadest德dévirtue若ruòlooks likeit is不bùnot足zúenough。建jiànEstablished德dévirtue若ruòlooks as ifit偷tōucould be stolen,質zhìPlain真zhēntruth若ruòlooks渝yúfaded。大dàThe greatest方fāngsquare無wúhas no隅yúcorners,大dàThe greatest器qìvessel晚wǎnlate成chéngis finished,大dàThe greatest音yīnnote希xīis rarely聲shēngsounded,大dàThe greatest象xiàngimage無wúhas no形xíngshape。道dàoThe Way隱yǐnis hiddenand無wúhas no名míngname,夫fúNow唯wéionly道dàothe Way善shànis good at貸dàilending且qiěand at成chéngbringing to completion。,。,,。。,。:;;。。。。。。。。。。。,,。

The setting

Three kinds of listener meet the Way, followed by Laozi's most famous string of paradoxes: greatness that looks like its opposite.

A note on this passage

Laozi treats the scoffer’s laugh as proof that the teaching is genuine. The old sayings he borrows explain why: anything great enough to hold everything cannot also look sharp, finished or loud in the ordinary way, so the real thing is easy to mistake for its opposite.

The line 大音希聲, “the greatest note is rarely sounded”, is one of the book’s most quoted: the deepest music holds back. The Way itself is the last and largest case, hidden and nameless, yet the one thing that lends generously to everything and brings what it lends to completion.

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